Ceilings: History and Purpose
Tue, May 4, 2010
A ceiling is the overhead surface or surfaces above a area, and the underside of a floor or a roof. Ceilings are widely placed to cover floor and roof construction. They have been special spaces for decor from the earliest eras: either in painting the flat surface, in featuring the structural members of roof or floor, or in treating it as a space for an allover pattern of relief.
Only a little is proved of ancient Greek ceilings, but Roman ceilings were rich with relief and painting, as is seen at the vault soffits of Pompeian baths. During the Gothic period, the general theme was to utilize structural areas decoratively then came to the creation of the beamed ceiling, for which large cross-girders support smaller floor beams at right angles to them, beams and girders being strongly chamfered and molded and often painted in attractive colours.
In the Renaissance, ceiling design was developed to its highest point of originality and differentiation. Three types were developed. The first was the coffered ceiling, in the intricate design of which the Italian Renaissance architects far emulated their Roman prototypes. Circular, square, octagonal, and L-shaped coffers were created, with their edges richly carved and the field of each coffer decorated with a rosette. The second kind consisted of ceilings wholly or in parts vaulted, generally with arched intersections, with painted bands bringing out the architectural design and with pictures filling the rest of the area. The loggia of the Farnesina villa in Rome, decorated by Raphael and Giulio Romano, is a good example of this. During the Baroque period, amazing figures in heavy relief, scrolls, cartouches, and garlands were also brought in to decorate ceilings of this form. The Pitti Palace in Florence and many French ceilings in the Louis XIV style illustrate this. In the third kind, which was particularly coined of Venice, the ceiling became one huge framed painting, similar to the Doges’ Palace.
In modern day architecture ceilings can be split into two major kinds — the suspended (or hung) ceiling and the exposed ceiling. With ceilings hung at a distance underneath the structural members, some architects have attempted to hide large amounts of mechanical and electrical equipment, such as electrical conduits, air-conditioning ducts, water pipes, sewage lines, and lighting fixtures. Many suspended ceilings feature a lightweight metal grid suspended from the structure by wires or rods to hold plasterboard sheets or acoustical tiles.
Other architects, bringing out the aesthetic of the exposed structural system, take pleasure in showcasing the mechanical and electrical equipment. In response to this inclination, some structural systems have been developed that have a deliberately expressive power in themselves and become desirable ceilings.
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